Basic operational concepts \u2013 functional units. Processor-8085-Architecture-instruction set, fetch & execute, addressing mode, interrupts. 8086 -Architecture registers, RAM organization segment-offset addressing, real & protected modes, addressing modes, instructions \u2013 arithmetic, data movement, control, I\/O string, logic. Subroutine call & return. Features of Pentium processor. Control unit organisation – Single bus and multibus organisation, Micro instruction, Microprogrammed and hardwired control, Microinstruction-program-sequencing, RISC &CISC (Features). Memory \u2013 Hierarchi, organisation of RAM, types of RAM (SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, DDRAM). Cache-operation, cashe mapping, multilevel organization of cache (LI\/LII, Primary\/secondary). Virtual memory page fault, TLB, segmentation \u2013 Multiple memory modules & interleaving. Secondary storage \u2013 Disk-CDROM\/DVD. I\/O devices (keyboard, mouse, CRT\/LCD\/LED, Printers, scanners). I\/O Interfacing \u2013 memory mapped & I\/O Mapped I\/O, Polling, interrupt-driven I\/O, DMA \u2013 controller. Serial communication \u2013 UART, RS 232, USB. High-performance computing \u2013 pipelining, basic concepts in parallel processing, Grid and cluster computing<\/p>\n
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